![]() A recent study has linked poor sleep to other sleep disorders for example, among a sample of patients with diabetes, 61% reported poor sleep, 47% of the participants screened positive for RLS, and 51% had an increased risk for OSA. ![]() A link between SDB, short sleep duration, and non-restorative sleep has recently been reported. The prevalence of sleep disorders differs based on the specific condition. This will be discussed in detail in a dedicated section. Other sleep-related movement disorders include categories based on the type of movements: simple, periodic, rhythmic, or complex conditions (some of which are associated with parasomnias). More details on the etiology of RLS are discussed in a separate article. For example, in restless legs syndrome (RLS), the etiology could be primarily due to familial and genetic predisposition or secondary to iron deficiency. The etiology of various movements condition during sleep depends on the type of that disorder. Ībnormal movements during sleep are disorders of motor control excitation or disinhibition often associated with sleep disturbances. The etiology of various types of parasomnia is discussed in a separate article. REM-related parasomnias include REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and nightmare disorder. NREM-related parasomnia includes confusional arousal, sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and a sleep-related eating disorder. Parasomnia is divided into the following major categories: Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)-related parasomnias, rapid eye movement (REM)-related parasomnias, and other parasomnias. The causes of parasomnia vary from environmental, genetic, and gene-environment interactions, all of which may play a significant role in the origin of parasomnias. More details are outlined in separate review articles. The responsible causes of CRSD can be divided into two major groups (1): the environment is not well aligned with the internal circadian timing (e.g., shift work, jetlag) and (2) those occurring when the circadian timing system becomes altered relative to the external environment (e.g., delayed sleep phase syndrome, non-24, advanced sleep phase syndrome, irregular sleep-wake rhythm). In addition, other causes of central hypersomnolence include Kleine-Levin syndrome, hypersomnia due to a medical disorder, medication or substance, psychiatric disorder, and sleep insufficiency syndrome.Ĭircadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders (CRSD) Central hypersomnia is usually divided into three main subtypes: narcolepsy type 1, narcolepsy type 2, and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH), which are reviewed in more detail in separate sections. The central causes of hypersomnolence are commonly due to intrinsic abnormalities in the central nervous system's control of sleep-wake. In the obstructive type of SDB, obesity plays a key role, and more information is discussed in the sections on OSA, CSA, and obesity hypoventilation syndrome. SDB is a spectrum of disorders ranging from syndrome to OSA and central sleep apnea (CSA). The causes of SDB range from breathing control to upper airway and chest wall mechanics, causing compromised ventilatory and resistive loading. Some contributing factors include environmental, genetic, psychological, and behavioral, leading to hyperarousal. The exact causes of insomnia are unknown. ![]() For each sleep disorder listed below, more details are discussed in the pertinent section referenced below. There are different causes for different sleep disorders.
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